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NSR database version of April 27, 2024.

Search: Author = H.M.Devaraja

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2024MU02      J.Radioanal.Nucl.Chem. 333, 1559 (2024)

R.S.Mukhin, A.V.Isaev, A.V.Andreev, M.L.Chelnokov, V.I.Chepigin, H.M.Devaraja, B.Gall, K.Hauschild, I.N.Izosimov, A.A.Kuznetsova, A.Lopez-Martens, O.N.Malyshev, A.G.Popeko, Yu.A.Popov, A.Rahmatinejad, B.Sailaubekov, T.M.Shneidman, E.A.Sokol, A.I.Svirikhin, M.S.Tezekbayeva, A.V.Yeremin

Analysis of the shape of multiplicity distributions of prompt neutrons emitted in spontaneous fission

RADIOACTIVITY ^{253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262}Rf, ^{252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262}Lr, ^{249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261}No, ^{245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259}Md, ^{243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259}Fm(SF); analyzed available data; deduced the prompt neutron multiplicity distribution (PNMD) emitted is the spontaneous fission (SF), shape of the PNMD helps to achieve the information according the dynamic of the SF.

doi: 10.1007/s10967-023-09164-0
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2023AZ06      Eur.Phys.J. A 59, 278 (2023)

A.K.Azhibekov, S.M.Lukyanov, A.V.Shakhov, Yu.E.Penionzhkevich, M.A.Naumenko, H.M.Devaraja, E.K.Almanbetova, B.A.Urazbekov, A.Yu.Bodrov, E.V.Mardyban, A.Bahini, K.Mendibayev

Neutron transfer in the ⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁹⁷Au reaction

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ¹⁹⁷Au(⁴⁸Ca, X)¹⁹²Au/¹⁹⁴Au/¹⁹⁶Au/¹⁹⁸Au, E=300 MeV; measured reaction products, Eγ, Iγ. ⁴⁸Ca, ¹⁹⁷Au; deduced energies of upper single-particle neutron levels, probability density for neutron during a grazing collision, parameters, decay curves, T_1/2, σ. Comparison with available data. The U-400 cyclotron at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (FLNR, JINR).

doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01192-4
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2023IS03      Phys.Lett. B 843, 138008 (2023)

A.V.Isaev, R.S.Mukhin, A.V.Andreev, Z.Asfari, M.L.Chelnokov, V.I.Chepigin, H.M.Devaraja, O.Dorvaux, B.Gall, K.Hauschild, I.N.Izosimov, A.A.Kuznetsova, A.Lopez-Martens, O.N.Malyshev, A.G.Popeko, Yu.A.Popov, A.Rahmatinejad, B.Sailaubekov, T.M.Shneidman, E.A.Sokol, A.I.Svirikhin, M.S.Tezekbayeva, A.V.Yeremin, N.I.Zamyatin

Structure of the prompt neutron multiplicity distribution in the spontaneous fission of ²⁵⁶Rf

RADIOACTIVITY ²⁵⁶Rf(SF), (α) [from ²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁰Ti, X), E=237 MeV];measured fission products, En, In, TOF; deduced neutron multiplicity distribution, alpha decay branching ratio and T_1/2. Prompt neutron multiplicity study in the superheavy element region. SHELS separator, U-400 cyclotron, the Flerov laboratory at JINR.

doi: 10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138008
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Data from this article have been entered in the XUNDL database. For more information, click here.

2023MU03      Eur.Phys.J. A 59, 21 (2023)

G.Munzenberg, M.Gupta, H.M.Devaraja, Y.K.Gambhir, S.Heinz, S.Hofmann

Heavy and superheavy elements: next generation experiments, ideas and considerations

doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00939-3
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2022DE35      Phys.Part. and Nucl.Lett. 19, 693 (2022)

H.M.Devaraja, A.V.Yeremin, S.Heinz, A.G.Popeko

The Study of Multi-Nucleon Transfer Reactions for Synthesis of New Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²³²Th(¹⁸O, X)¹⁸C/²⁰N/²²O, ²³²Th(²²Ne, X)²³F/²⁴F/²⁵Ne/²⁶Ne/²¹N/²³O/²⁴O/²⁵F, ²³²Th(⁴⁰Ar, X)²⁹Mg/³⁰Mg/³¹Al/³²Al/³³Al/³³Si/³⁴Si/³⁵Si/³⁶Si/³⁹S/⁴⁰S/⁴¹Cl/⁴²Cl, ²³⁸U(⁴⁰Ar, X)³⁷Si/⁴⁰P/⁴¹S/⁴²S, ²³⁸U(⁴⁰Ar, X)⁵⁴Ti/⁵⁶V/⁵⁸Cr/⁵⁹Cr/⁶¹Mn/⁶³Fe/⁶⁴Fe, ²³⁸U(⁵⁶Fe, X)⁵²Sc/⁵³Sc/⁵⁶Ti/⁵⁷V/⁵⁸V/⁶⁰Cr/⁵⁵Ti, Ta, W(¹³⁶Xe, X)¹⁸¹Lu/¹⁸²Lu/¹⁸³Lu/¹⁷⁹Yb, W(⁷⁶Ge, X)⁶²Mn/⁶³Mn/⁷¹Cu/⁷²Cu/⁷³Cu/⁶⁶Co/⁶⁷Co, Ta, W(²³⁸U, X)²³²Ac/²³⁴Ac, Ta, W(¹⁸⁶W, X)¹⁸⁰Yb/¹⁸⁴Lu/¹⁷⁷Tm, W(¹³⁶Xe, X)¹⁷²Ho, W(²⁰⁸Pb, X)²⁰⁵Au, W(¹⁷⁶Yb, X)¹⁷⁴Er/¹⁷¹Ho, W(¹⁷⁰Er, X)¹⁶⁹Dy, ²⁵⁴Es(¹⁸O, X)²⁶⁰Md, ²⁴⁴Pu(¹³⁶Xe, X)²⁴³Np/²⁴⁴Np, ⁷⁰Zn(¹⁸O, X)⁶⁸Ni, ⁷⁰Zn(¹⁴C, X)⁶⁹Ni, ¹⁹⁸Pt(¹⁸O, X)¹⁹⁹Ir, Pb(¹²C, X)²⁰⁸Hg, U(¹⁸O, X)²³⁹Pa, Pb(¹⁸O, X)²⁰⁹Hg, W(¹⁸O, X)¹⁸⁶Hf, U(¹⁸O, X)²³⁸Th, E<1 GeV; analyzed available data on multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions; deduced the application of multi-nucleon transfer reactions to produce new heavy and superheavy isotopes, modernization of U400 cyclotron (U400R).

doi: 10.1134/S1547477122060085
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2022HE10      Eur.Phys.J. A 58, 114 (2022)

S.Heinz, H.M.Devaraja

Nucleosynthesis in multinucleon transfer reactions

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁰⁹Bi(¹³⁶Xe, X), E=1130 MeV; ²⁰⁷Pb(⁶⁴Ni, X), E=4.8-5.92 MeV/nucleon; U(U, X), E(cm)=875 MeV; analyzed available data; deduced the revival of multinucleon transfer reactions to progress toward the neutron-rich side of heavy and superheavy nuclei.

doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00771-1
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2022IS05      Eur.Phys.J. A 58, 108 (2022)

A.V.Isaev, R.S.Mukhin, A.V.Andreev, M.A.Bychkov, M.L.Chelnokov, V.I.Chepigin, H.M.Devaraja, O.Dorvaux, M.Forge, B.Gall, K.Hauschild, I.N.Izosimov, K.Kessaci, A.A.Kuznetsova, A.Lopez-Martens, O.N.Malyshev, A.G.Popeko, Yu.A.Popov, A.Rahmatinejad, B.Sailaubekov, T.M.Shneidman, E.A.Sokol, A.I.Svirikhin, D.A.Testov, M.S.Tezekbayeva, A.V.Yeremin, N.I.Zamyatin, K.Sh.Zhumadilov

Prompt neutron emission in the spontaneous fission of ²⁴⁶Fm

RADIOACTIVITY ²⁴⁶Fm(SF) [from ²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁰Ar, X), E=183 MeV]; measured decay products, En, In; deduced neutron yields, nubar, spontaneous fission branching ratio, T_1/2. Tikhonov method of statistical regularisation. FLNR JINR using the SHELS separator and the SFiNx detection system, the U-400 cyclotron.

doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00761-3
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Data from this article have been entered in the EXFOR database. For more information, access X4 dataset41751. Data from this article have been entered in the XUNDL database. For more information, click here.

2020DE36      Eur.Phys.J. A 56, 224 (2020)

H.M.Devaraja, S.Heinz, D.Ackermann, T.Gobel, F.P.Hessberger, S.Hofmann, J.Maurer, G.Munzenberg, A.G.Popeko, A.V.Yeremin

New studies and a short review of heavy neutron-rich transfer products

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²³⁸U(⁴⁸Ca, X), E=233.3 MeV; measured reaction products, Eγ, Iγ. ^{207,208,209,210}Tl, ^{211,212,213,214}Pb, ^{211,212,213,214}Bi, ^{213,214,215,216,217,218}Po, ^{213,214,215,216,217}At, ²¹³Rn, ^{217,218,219,220,221,222}Rn, ²¹⁴Fr, ²¹⁹Fr, ²²¹Fr, ²¹⁵Ra, ^{220,221,222,223,224}Ra, ²¹⁶Ac, ²²¹Ac, ²²³Ac, ^{225,226,227,228,229}Ac, ^223,224Th, ²²⁶Th, ^231,233Th, ^232,234,236Pa, ^237,238Pa, ²³⁰U, ²³⁷U, ²³⁹U, ^{238,239,240,241,242}Np; deduced isotopic distributions, production σ.

doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00229-2
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2020KA43      Phys.Rev. C 102, 024612 (2020)

Sh.A.Kalandarov, G.G.Adamian, N.V.Antonenko, H.M.Devaraja, S.Heinz

Production of neutron deficient isotopes in the multinucleon transfer reaction ⁴⁸Ca(E_lab = 5.63 MeV / nucleon) + ²⁴⁸Cm

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, X), E=5.63 MeV/nucleon; calculated production cross sections of primary and secondary fragments produced in multinucleon transfer reaction, and excitation energies of primary products using dinuclear system (DNS) model. Comparison with experimental data from SHIP separator at GSI.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.102.024612
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2020NO09      Phys.Rev. C 102, 044605 (2020)

K.V.Novikov, E.M.Kozulin, G.N.Knyazheva, I.M.Itkis, M.G.Itkis, A.A.Bogachev, I.N.Diatlov, M.Cheralu, D.Kumar, N.I.Kozulina, A.N.Pan, I.V.Pchelintsev, I.V.Vorobiev, W.H.Trzaska, S.Heinz, H.M.Devaraja, B.Lommel, E.Vardaci, S.Spinosa, A.Di Nitto, A.Pulcini, S.V.Khlebnikov, P.P.Singh, Ru.N.Sahoo, B.Gall, Z.Asfari, C.Borcea, I.Harca, D.M.Filipescu

Investigation of fusion probabilities in the reactions with ^{52, 54}Cr, ⁶⁴Ni, and ⁶⁸Zn ions leading to the formation of Z = 120 superheavy composite systems

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁸Cm(⁵²Cr, X)³⁰⁰120^*, E=290, 304-MeV; ²⁴⁸Cm(⁵⁴Cr, X)³⁰²120^*, E=296 MeV; ²³²Th(⁶⁸Zn, X)³⁰⁰120^*, E=335 MeV; measured binary reaction products in coincidence by the double-arm time-of-flight spectrometer CORSET, the first two reactions using ²⁴⁸Cm target at the U-400 cyclotron facility of FLNR-Dubna, and the experiment with ²³²Th target at the University of Jyvaskyla K-130 cyclotron facility; deduced yield and TKE matrices of binary fragments as functions of mass and energy, capture cross sections as a function of effective fissility parameter, excitation energy of primary fragments as function of fragment mass, contributions of symmetric fragments to the capture cross sections, fusion probability as function of the mean fissility parameter, and production σ for the formation of Z=120 superheavy nucleus (SHN). ²³⁸U(⁶⁴Ni, X)³⁰²120^*, E=335 MeV; compared results of this experiment, reported in 2010Ko16, at Jyvaskyla with the data in the present experiments. ²⁴⁸Cm(⁵⁴Cr, X) reaction determined to be the most favorable for the production of Z=120 element.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.102.044605
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2019DE11      Eur.Phys.J. A 55, 25 (2019)

H.M.Devaraja, S.Heinz, O.Beliuskina, S.Hofmann, C.Hornung, G.Munzenberg, D.Ackermann, M.Gupta, Y.K.Gambhir, R.A.Henderson, F.P.Hessberger, A.V.Yeremin, B.Kindler, B.Lommel, J.Maurer, K.J.Moody, K.Nishio, A.G.Popeko, M.A.Stoyer, D.A.Shaughnessy

Population of nuclides with A ≥ 98 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions of ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁸Cm

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, x), E=265.4, 270.2 MeV; measured production σ for directly populated nuclei ^252,254Cf, ^254m,256mEs and ²⁶⁰No[the last reaction used was ¹⁸O+²⁵⁴Es at 99 MeV] and for ^254,256Fm from parent decay using SHIP selector to select the fusion products and (in another run) target-like transfer reaction products, Compared with published data.

RADIOACTIVITY ^252,254,256Cf, ²⁵⁶Fm, ^{256,257,259,260}Md, ²⁵⁹No, ^262,263Lr(SF), (α); calculated T_1/2, SF branching ratio.

doi: 10.1140/epja/i2019-12696-3
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Data from this article have been entered in the EXFOR database. For more information, access X4 datasetD8038.

2018DE38      Rom.J.Phys. 63, 304 (2018)

H.M.Devaraja, Y.K.Gambhir, A.Bhagwat, M.Gupta, S.Heinz, G.Munzenberg

Half Lives and Q Values of Nuclei Appearing in the α-Decay Chains of Recently Reported New Isotopes

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ^207,208,213Fr, ²⁰⁸Ra; calculated charge radii. Comparison with experimental values.

RADIOACTIVITY ²³³Bk, ^223,229Am, ^219,225Np, ^215,221Pa, ^211,217Ac, ^207,208,213Fr, ²¹⁶U, ²¹²Th(α); calculated Q-values, T_1/2. Comparison with experimental data.

2017BE05      Eur.Phys.J. A 53, 32 (2017)

O.Beliuskina, A.O.Strekalovsky, A.A.Aleksandrov, I.A.Aleksandrova, H.M.Devaraja, C.Heinz, S.Heinz, S.Hofmann, S.Ilich, N.Imai, D.V.Kamanin, M.Kis, G.N.Knyazheva, C.Kozhuharov, E.A.Kuznetsova, J.Maurer, G.V.Mishinsky, M.Pomorski, Yu.V.Pyatkov, O.V.Strekalovsky, M.Trager, V.E.Zhuchko

Pulse-height defect in single-crystal CVD diamond detectors

doi: 10.1140/epja/i2017-12223-8
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2016DE08      Phys.Rev. C 93, 034621 (2016)

H.M.Devaraja, Y.K.Gambhir, M.Gupta, G.Munzenberg

Systematics of production cross sections and predictions for the synthesis of new superheavy elements

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸⁸Fl, ²³⁸U(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁸³Cn, ²³⁸U(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸²Cn, ²⁴²Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁸⁷Fl, ²⁴²Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸⁶Fl, ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁸⁹Fl, ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸⁸Fl, ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁸⁸Mc, ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸⁷Mc, ²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁰Lv, ²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁸⁹Lv, ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹³Lv, ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹²Lv, ²⁴⁹Bk(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁴Ts, ²⁴⁹Bk(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹³Ts, ²⁴⁹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁴Og, ²⁴⁹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹³Og, ²³⁸U(³⁰Si, 4n)²⁶⁴Sg, ²³⁸U(³⁰Si, 5n)²⁶³Sg, ²³⁸U(³⁰Si, 6n)²⁶²Sg, ²⁴⁴Pu(²²Ne, 4n)²⁶²Rf, ²⁴⁴Pu(²²Ne, 5n)²⁶¹Rf, ²⁴⁸Cm(²²Ne, 4n)²⁶⁶Sg, ²⁴⁸Cm(²²Ne, 5n)²⁶⁵Sg, E*=30-70 MeV; calculated evaporation residue cross sections as function of the excitation energy of the compound nucleus. ²³⁸U(¹⁶O, 4n)²⁵⁰Fm, ²³⁸U(¹⁶O, 5n)²⁴⁹Fm, ²³⁸U(¹⁶O, 6n)²⁴⁸Fm, ²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O, 5n)²⁶¹Rf, ²³⁸U(¹⁸O, 4n)²⁵²Fm, ²³⁸U(¹⁸O, 5n)²⁵¹Fm, ²³⁸U(¹⁸O, 6n)²⁵⁰Fm, ²³⁸U(²⁰O, 4n)²⁵⁴Fm, ²³⁸U(²⁰O, 5n)²⁵³Fm, ²³⁸U(²⁰O, 6n)²⁵²Fm, ²³⁸U(²²O, 4n)²⁵⁶Fm, ²³⁸U(²²O, 5n)²⁵⁵Fm, ²³⁸U(²²O, 6n)²⁵⁴Fm, ²⁵⁰Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁵Lv, ²⁵⁰Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁴Lv, ²⁵⁰Cm(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹³Lv, ²⁴⁹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁴Og, ²⁴⁹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹³Og, ²⁵⁰Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁵Og, ²⁵⁰Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁴Og, ²⁵⁰Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹³Og, ²⁵¹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁶Og, ²⁵¹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁵Og, ²⁵¹Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹⁴Og, ²⁵²Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁷Og, ²⁵²Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁶Og, ²⁵²Cf(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹⁵Og, ²⁵²Es(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁷119, ²⁵²Es(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁶119, ²⁵²Es(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹⁵119, ²⁵⁴Es(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)²⁹⁹119, ²⁵⁴Es(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)²⁹⁸119, ²⁵⁴Es(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁹⁷119, ²⁵⁷Fm(⁴⁸Ca, 3n)³⁰²120, ²⁵⁷Fm(⁴⁸Ca, 4n)³⁰¹120, ²⁵⁷Fm(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)³⁰⁰120, E*=30-75 MeV; calculated excitation functions or production cross sections as function of excitation energy of the compound nucleus. Calculations based on conventional fusion-fission process using heavy-ion vaporization HIVAP code. Comparison with available experimental data for superheavy nuclides. Relevance to synthesis of SHE in hot fusion reactions.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.93.034621
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2016HE13      Eur.Phys.J. A 52, 278 (2016)

S.Heinz, H.M.Devaraja, O.Beliuskina, V.Comas, S.Hofmann, C.Hornung, G.Munzenberg, D.Ackermann, M.Gupta, R.A.Henderson, F.P.Hessberger, B.Kindler, B.Lommel, R.Mann, J.Maurer, K.J.Moody, K.Nishio, A.G.Popeko, D.A.Shaughnessy, M.A.Stoyer, A.V.Yeremin

Synthesis of new transuranium isotopes in multinucleon transfer reactions using a velocity filter

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, x), E=5.3 MeV/nucleon; measured Eα, Iα, ²²⁵Pa velocity spectrum; deduced, identified 90 known isotopes and 5 new ones (3 produced directly in the reaction, 2 via precursor decays), their production σ.

doi: 10.1140/epja/i2016-16278-7
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2015DE22      Phys.Lett. B 748, 199 (2015)

H.M.Devaraja, S.Heinz, O.Beliuskina, V.Comas, S.Hofmann, C.Hornung, G.Munzenberg, K.Nishio, D.Ackermann, Y.K.Gambhir, M.Gupta, R.A.Henderson, F.P.Hessberger, J.Khuyagbaatar, B.Kindler, B.Lommel, K.J.Moody, J.Maurer, R.Mann, A.G.Popeko, D.A.Shaughnessy, M.A.Stoyer, A.V.Yeremin

Observation of new neutron-deficient isotopes with Z≥92 in multinucleon transfer reactions

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca, X)²¹⁶U/²¹²Th/²⁰⁸Fr/²¹⁹Np/²²³Am/²¹⁵Pa/²¹¹Ac/²⁰⁷Fr/²²⁹Am/²²⁵Np/²¹³Fr/²³³Bk/²²⁵Np, E=270 MeV; measured reaction fragments, Eα, Iα; deduced five new isotopes σ, T_1/2. Comparison with available data.

doi: 10.1016/j.physletb.2015.07.006
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2015HE30      Eur.Phys.J. A 51, 140 (2015)

S.Heinz, O.Beliuskina, V.Comas, H.M.Devaraja, C.Heinz, S.Hofmann, E.Kozulin, F.Morherr, G.Munzenberg, D.Ackermann, F.P.Hessberger, B.Kindler, B.Lommel, R.Mann, J.Maurer

Nuclear molecule formation and time delay in collisions of nuclei with Z₁ + Z₂ ≥ 110

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁰⁷Pb(⁶⁴Ni, x), E=4.85-5.92 MeV/nucleon;²⁰⁸Pb(¹³²Xe, αx), (¹³²Xe, x), E=6.1 MeV/nucleon; measured reaction fragments using SHIP velocity filter, Eα, Iα. Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra deduced velocity spectra, σ(θ), TKE, quadrupole deformation, nuclear molecule lifetime. ²³⁸U(²³⁸U, x), E=6.09, 6.29, 6.91, 7.10, 7.35 MeV/nucleon; measured reaction fragments using VAMOS spectrometer; deduced TKE, interaction lifetime vs mass number, σ vs mass number, quadrupole deformation; calculated σ vs mass number, quadrupole deformation.

doi: 10.1140/epja/i2015-15140-x
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