Figure 1

Calibrated spectrum of ${}^{230}$Pa. This spectrum is measured with an unpolarized beam at an angle of 20${}^{\circ }$ with respected to the beam direction. All peaks that are undoubtedly observed in most of the spectra are labeled by their energy.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

Calculated cross-section values for the members of relevant rotational bands in ${}^{230}$Pa. For each available Nilsson configuration a pair of Gallagher-Moszkowski partner bands is expected: (a) 1/2[530]${}_p-$5/2[633]${}_n$. (b) 1/2[530]${}_p+$5/2[633]${}_n$. (c) 1/2[530]${}_p-$3/2[631]${}_n$. (d) 1/2[530]${}_p+$3/2[631]${}_n$. (e) 1/2[530]${}_p-$5/2[752]${}_n$. (f) 1/2[530]${}_p+$5/2[752]${}_n$. (g) 1/2[530]${}_p-$1/2[631]${}_n$. (h) 1/2[530]${}_p+$1/2[631]${}_n$. (i) 1/2[530]${}_p-$1/2[501]${}_n$. (j) 1/2[530]${}_p+$1/2[501]${}_n$. (k) 1/2[530]${}_p-$3/2[501]${}_n$. (l) 1/2[530]${}_p+$3/2[501]${}_n$. (m) 1/2[530]${}_p-$5/2[503]${}_n$. (n) 1/2[530]${}_p+$5/2[503]${}_n$. Since the configuration of the proton is given by the configuration of the odd-mass target nucleus ${}^{231}$Pa [31] it is 1/2[530]${}_p$ for all observable states. For each available Nilsson configuration two bands are expected; on the left the pattern for the band with $K=|K_p-K_n|$ is displayed and on the right the pattern for the Gallagher-Moszkowski partner with $K=K_p+K_n$. These predictions utilize theoretical values for the spectroscopic strength of the odd-mass isotone ${}^{229}$Th [32].Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

Relevant isotopes for the calculated level structure of the odd-odd isotope ${}^{230}$Pa, following the semi-empirical model by Struble et al. [3]. From the isobars, the moments of inertia ${\mathcal{I}}_{ee}$ of the ground states and from the isotones and isotopes the moments of inertia ${\mathcal{I}}_n$ and ${\mathcal{I}}_p$ of known rotational bands are used in order to predict the moments of inertia ${\mathcal{I}}_{oo}$ of the odd-odd states.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

Full spectrum of ${}^{230}$Pa with energy ranges for the expected rotational bands. Several prominent peaks are labeled with energy values.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 5

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configurations (a) 1/2[530]${}_p+$3/2[631]${}_n$ and (b) 1/2[530]${}_p-$3/2[631]${}_n$. For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the calculated energies, using the expected energy systematics. The rotational parameter of band (a) is $A=4.71\left(1\right)$ keV and of band (b) $A=5.11\left(7\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=4.91\left(4\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy amounts to $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=263\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 6

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configurations 1/2[530]${}_p-$5/2[633]${}_n$ (a) and 1/2[530]${}_p+$5/2[633]${}_n$ (b). For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the energies calculated using the expected energy systematics. The rotational parameter of band (a) is $A=3.9\left(1\right)$ keV and of band (b) $A=5.13\left(5\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=4.51\left(6\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy amounts to $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=101\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 7

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configuration 1/2[530]${}_p-$1/2[631]${}_n$, even subband (a) and odd subband (b), and for the band with the configuration 1/2[530]${}_p+$1/2[631]${}_n$ (c). For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the energies calculated using the expected energy systematics. The Newby shift of the band with $K=0$ is $E_N=43\left(1\right)$ keV and its rotational parameter is $A=6.0\left(2\right)$ keV. The rotational parameter of the partner with $K=1$ is $A=8.17\left(2\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=7.1\left(1\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy amounts to $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=90\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 8

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configuration 1/2[530]${}_p-$1/2[501]${}_n$, even subband (a) and odd subband (b), and for the band with the configuration 1/2[530]${}_p+$1/2[501]${}_n$ (c). For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the energies calculated using the energy systematics. The Newby shift of the band with $K=0$ is $E_N=34\left(1\right)$ keV and its rotational parameter is $A=5.4\left(1\right)$ keV. The rotational parameter of the partner with $K=1$ is $A=5.83\left(2\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=5.62\left(5\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy is $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=163\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 9

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configurations 1/2[530]${}_p+$3/2[501]${}_n$ (a) and 1/2[530]${}_p-$3/2[501]${}_n$ (b). For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the energies calculated using the expected energy systematics. The rotational parameter of band (a) is $A=6.6\left(1\right)$ keV and of band (b) $A=8.46\left(2\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=7.51\left(5\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy amounts to $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=143\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 10

Suggestion for the GM pair of rotational bands with the configurations 1/2[530]${}_p-$5/2[503]${}_n$ (a) and 1/2[530]${}_p+$5/2[503]${}_n$ (b). For each band the experimental energies of the band members are compared to the energies calculated using the expected energy systematics. The rotational parameter of band (a) is $A=5.82\left(2\right)$ keV and of band (b) $A=7.114\left(4\right)$ keV. The average rotational parameter of this pair is $\overline{A}=6.47\left(1\right)$ keV and the GM-splitting energy amounts to $\Delta E_{\mathrm{GM}}=138\left(1\right)$ keV.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 11

Level scheme for ${}^{230}$Pa. All assignments of spin, parity, and Nilsson configuration are not based on direct experimental evidence and therefore are tentative. For details see text.Reuse & Permissions