Abstract
The present paper addresses eight possible routes of producing 99Mo, and discusses both yield and 99Mo specific activities (SA) in the context of anticipated worldwide demand. Target dimensions are modelled by considering both limits set by cooling and by inside-target radiation attenuation characteristics. Energy deposition profiles are set up by MCNP6, reaction probabilities are taken from TALYS/TENDL and JANIS codes, and both are used in arriving at the produced 99Mo. The outcomes suggest that U neutron-fission may remain one of the most relevant and efficient means of producing 99Mo at the world-demand level, but that within this domain new developments may surface, such as ADSR or AHR production modes. Accelerator-based 99Mo production is discussed as asking for developments in both target cooling and new concepts in post-EOB upgrading of 99Mo SA, and/or new concepts for 99Mo/99mTc-generators, the latter possibly in both volumes (mass) and 99Mo capacities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Richards P (1989) Technetium-99 m: the early days. BNL-43197 CONF-8909193-1. Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York
Ross C, Galea R, Saull P, Davidson W, Brown P, Brown D, Harvey J, Messina G, Wassenaar R, De Jong M (2010) La Physique au Canada 66:19–24
Report of the Expert Review Panel on Medical Isotope Production (2009) Presented to the Minister of Natural Resources Canada 30 November 2009. 135 pp http://nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/sources/uranuc/pdf/panrep-rapexp-eng.pdf
OECD (2010) The supply of medical radioisotopes, interim report of the OECD/NEA high-level group on security of supply of medical radioisotopes. OECD, Nagoya, http://www.nea.fr/med-radio/reports/HLG-MR-Interim-report.pdf
Pillai MRA, Knapp FF (2012) Q J Nucl Med Mol Im 56(4):385–399
Van der Marck SC, Koning AJ, Charlton KE (2010) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Im 37:1817–1820
Lyra M, Charalambatou P, Roussou E, Fytros S, Baka I (2011) Hellenic J Nucl Med 14:49–55
Pillai MRA (2011) J Nucl Med 52:15–28
TRIUMF (2008) TRIUMF report of the taskforce on alternatives for medical-isotope production: making medical isotopes. In: Fong A, Meyer TI, Zala K (eds). Generation Printing, Vancouver
Ruth T (2010) La Physique au Canada 66:15–16
Challan MB, Comsan MHN, Abou-Zaid MA (2007) J Nucl Rad Phys 2:1–12
Nikiforov VI, Uvarov VL (2011) Nuclear Instrum Methods B269:3149–3152
Bunatian GG, Nikolenko VG, Popov AB (2009) JINR Communication E6-2009-182 Dubna, Russia www.jinr.ru/Preprints/2009/182%28E6-2009-182%29.pdf
Danon Y, Block R, Harvey J (2010) Topical Meeting on Isotopes for Medical and Industry TANSAO. Trans Am Nucl Soc 103:1081–1082
Gagnon K, Bénard F, Kovacs M, Ruth TJ, Schaffer P, Wilson S, McQuarrie SA (2011) Nucl Med Biol 38:907–916
AEN-NEA (2010) The supply of medical radioisotopes: review of potential molybdenum-99/technetium-99 m production technologies. AEN-NEA, Nevada, 73 pp
IAEA (2013) Nuclear energy series no. NF-T-5.4 Non-HEU production technologies for Molybdenum-99 and Technetium-99 m. STI/Pub/1589. IAEA, Vienna
Bertsche K (2010) Accelerator production options for 99Mo. SLAC-PUB-14132, California
Technopolis-group (2008) Het Medisch Gebruik van Radioisotopen tot 2025: Een Toekomstverkenning 38 pp
Blackburn BW (2002) High power target development for accelerator-based neutron capture therapy. MIT Thesis, Massachusetts
Silverman I, Yarin AL, Reznik SN, Arenshtam A, Kijet D, Nagler A (2006) Int Heat Mass Tran 49:2782–2792
Koning AJ, Rochman D, van der Marck S, Kopecky J, Sublet JC, Pomp S, Sjostrand H, Forrest R, Bauge E, Henriksson H, Cabellos O, Goriely S, Leppanen J, Leeb H, Plompen A, Mills R, “TENDL-2013: TALYS-based evaluated nuclear data library”. www.talys.eu/tendl-2013.html
Koning AJ, Rochman D (2012) Modern nuclear data evaluation with the TALYS code system. Nucl Data Sheets 113:2841
Janis WEB Book; OECD http://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/index.html
Schenter RE, Wester DW, Hollenberg GW, Rapko BM, Lumetta GJ (2009) US Patent 2009/0060812 A1
Nagai Y, Hatsukawa Y (2009) J Phys Soc Japan 78:033201
Sabelnikov AV, Maslov OD, Molokanova LG, Gustova MV, Dmitriev SN (2006) Radiochemistry 48:191–194
IAEA TECDOC-1178 (2000) Handbook on photonuclear data for applications cross-sections and spectra, IAEA, Vienna
Gellie RW (1978) Austr J Phys 21:765–768
Ferrero F (1967) Il Nuovo Cimento 6:585–591
Tkac P, Chemerisov S, Makarashvili V, VandeGrift GF, Harvey J (2011) Development activities in support of accelerator production of 99Mo production through the γ/n reaction on 100Mo. Mo-99 2011—Molybdenum-99 Topical Meeting. December 4–7 (2011) La Fonda Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico
Qaim SM, Sudár S, Scholten B, Koning AJ, Coenen HH (2014) Appl Rad Isot 85:101–113. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.10.004
Breeman WAP, Fröberg AC, De Blois E, Van Gameren A, Melis M, De Jong M, Maina T, Nock BA, Erion JL, Mäcke HR, Krenning EP (2008) Nucl Med Biol 35:839–849
Naik H, Suryanarayana SV, Jagadeesan KC, Thakare SV, Joshi PV, Nimje VT, Mittal KC, Goswami A, Venugopal V, Kailas S (2013) J Radioanal Nucl Chem 295:807–816. doi:10.1007/s10967-012-1958-9
NPL http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/atomic_and_nuclear_physics/4_7/4_7_2.html#p545
Gerasimov AS (1989) Atomnaya Énergiya 67:104–108
Sameh AA, Ache HJ (1987) Radiochim Acta 41:65–72
Baumgärtner F (1961) Table of neutron activation constants. Karl Thiemig KG Muenchen, Carson
El Abd A (2010) J Radioanal Nucl Chem 284:321–326. doi:10.1007/s10967-010-0487-7
Asif M, Mushtaq A (2010) J Radioanal Nuc. Chem 284:439–442. doi:10.1007/s10967-010-0490-z
Denkova AG, Terpstra BE, Steinbach OM, ten Dam J, Wolterbeek HTh (2013) Separ Sci Technol 48:1331–1338. doi:10.1080/01496395.2012.736443
Tomar BS, Steinebach OM, Terpstra BE, Bode P, Wolterbeek HTh (2010) Radiochim Acta 98:499–506. doi:10.1524/ract.2010.1744
OECD (2010) (NEA no. 6967) The supply of medical radioisotopes. In: An economic study of the molybdenum-99 supply Chain. OECD, Venice
IAEA TECDOC-1601 (2008) Homogeneous aqueous solution nuclear reactors for the production of Mo-99 and other short-lived Radioisotopes. IAEA, Vienna
BNL-94462-2010 (2010) Aqueous homogeneuous reactor technical panel report
Chuvlin DU, Meister JD, Abalin SS, Ball RM, Grigoriev GY, Kvostionov VE, Markovskij DV, Nordyke HW, Pavshook VA (2003) J Radioanal Nucl Chem 257:59–63
Kloosterman JL, Huisman MV, Rohde M (2014) The role of reactor physics toward a sustainable future. In: PHYSOR 2014. The bWestin Myako, Kyoto, Japan. Sept 28–October 3 (on CD-ROM, submitted)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wolterbeek, B., Kloosterman, J.L., Lathouwers, D. et al. What is wise in the production of 99Mo? A comparison of eight possible production routes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 302, 773–779 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3188-9
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3188-9