Discovery of the calcium, indium, tin, and platinum isotopes

doi:10.1016/j.adt.2011.03.001

Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables

Volume 97, Issue 4, July 2011, Pages 383-402

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adt.2011.03.001 Get rights and content

Abstract

Currently, twenty-four calcium, thirty-eight indium, thirty-eight tin, and thirty-nine platinum isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.

Highlights

Documentation of the discovery of all calcium, indium, tin and platinum isotopes. ► Summary of author, journal, year, place and country of discovery for each isotope. ► Brief description of discovery history of each isotope.

Introduction

The discovery of the calcium, indium, tin, and platinum isotopes is discussed here as part of the series summarizing the discovery of isotopes, beginning with the cerium isotopes in 2009 [1]. Guidelines for assigning credit for discovery are (1) clear identification, either through decay curves and relationships to other known isotopes, particle or $γ$ -ray spectra, or unique mass and $Z$ -identification, and (2) publication of the discovery in a refereed journal. If the first observation was not confirmed or found erroneous in the subsequent literature, the credit was given to the correct measurement. These cases are specifically mentioned and discussed. Thus the assignment for the more recent discoveries is subject to confirmation. The authors and year of the first publication, the laboratory where the isotopes were produced as well as the production and identification methods are discussed. When appropriate, references to conference proceedings, internal reports, and theses are included. When a discovery includes a half-life measurement, the measured value is compared to the currently adopted value taken from the NUBASE evaluation [2] which is based on the ENSDF database [3]. In cases where the reported half-life differed significantly from the adopted half-life (up to approximately a factor of two), we searched the subsequent literature for indications that the measurement was erroneous. If that was not the case, we credited the authors with the discovery in spite of the inaccurate half-life.

Section snippets

Discovery of ^35–58Ca

Twenty-four calcium isotopes from $A = 35$ to 58 have been discovered so far; these include 6 stable, 6 proton-rich, and 12 neutron-rich isotopes. According to the HFB-14 model [4], ⁶³Ca should be the last odd–even particle-stable neutron-rich nucleus while the even–even particle-stable neutron-rich nuclei should continue at least through ⁷⁰Ca. At the proton dripline, two more isotopes could be observed (³³Ca and ³⁴Ca). About 11 isotopes have yet to be discovered corresponding to 30% of all

Discovery of $^{98 - 135} In$

Thirty-eight indium isotopes from $A = 98$ to 135 have been discovered so far; these include 2 stable, 16 proton-rich, and 20 neutron-rich isotopes. According to the HFB-14 model [4], ¹⁶⁵In should be the last particle-stable neutron-rich nucleus (¹⁶⁰In is predicted to be unbound). Along the proton dripline one more isotope is predicted to be stable and it is estimated that five additional nuclei beyond the proton dripline could live long enough to be observed [33]. Thus, there remain 35 isotopes to

Discovery of $^{100 – 137} Sn$

Thirty-eight tin isotopes from $A = 100$ to 137 have been discovered so far; these include 10 stable, 13 proton-rich, and 15 neutron-rich isotopes. According to the HFB-14 model [4], ¹⁷⁶Sn should be the last particle-stable neutron-rich nucleus (the odd-mass isotopes ¹⁷⁵Sn and ¹⁷³Sn are predicted to be unbound). Along the proton dripline two more isotopes are predicted to be stable and it is estimated that six additional nuclei beyond the proton dripline could live long enough to be observed [33].

Discovery of $^{166 – 204} Pt$

Thirty-nine platinum isotopes from $A = 166$ to 204 have been discovered so far; these include 6 stable, 26 neutron-deficient and 7 neutron-rich isotopes. Many more additional neutron-rich nuclei are predicted to be stable with respect to neutron emission and could be observed in the future. The mass surface towards the neutron dripline (the delineation where the neutron separation energy is zero) becomes very shallow. Thus the exact prediction of the location of the dripline is difficult and can

Summary

The discoveries of the known calcium, indium, tin, and platinum isotopes have been compiled and the methods of their production discussed.

The discovery of most of the calcium isotopes was straightforward. Only two isotopes (³⁸Ca and ³⁹Ca) were initially identified incorrectly. ³⁷Ca is one of the rare cases where two papers reporting the discovery were submitted on the same day.

The first measured half-lives of several indium isotopes (¹⁰⁴In, ¹⁰⁸In, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹²In, ¹¹⁴In, and ¹²¹In) were incorrect.

Acknowledgments

The main research on the individual elements was performed by SA (indium and tin) and JLG (calcium and platinum). This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants No. PHY06-06007 (NSCL) No. PHY07-54541 (REU).

References (146)

G. Audi et al.
Nuclear Phys. A
(2003)
J.C. Hardy et al.
Phys. Lett.
(1966)
D.W. Anderson et al.
Nuclear Phys.
(1966)
Y. Shida et al.
Phys. Lett.
(1964)
M. Langevin et al.
Phys. Lett. B
(1983)
M. Bernas et al.
Phys. Lett. B
(1997)
H. Yuta et al.
Nuclear Phys.
(1960)
B. Grapengiesser et al.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
(1974)
K. Aleklett et al.
Nuclear Phys. A
(1975)
A. Kerek et al.
Nuclear Phys. A
(1973)

A. Kerek et al.

Phys. Lett. B

(1973)

M. Lewitowicz et al.

Phys. Lett. B

(1994)

T. Yamazaki et al.

Nuclear Phys. A

(1969)

G.Q. Ginepro et al.

At. Data. Nuclear Data. Tables

J. Phys. G

(1977)

T. Inamura et al.

J. Phys. Soc. Japan

(1971)

J. Rivier et al.

Radiochim. Acta

(1975)

R. Rougny et al.

Phys. Rev. C

(1973)

Cited by (4)

Calcium isotope cosmochemistry
2021, Chemical Geology
The past decade has seen significant advancements in analytical capabilities and with it a marked increase in the use of Ca isotopes to advance our understanding of the Solar System's and Earth's evolution. Here, mass-dependent and non-mass-dependent Ca isotopic variations in bulk meteorites and chondrite components are discussed. This contribution also examines how Ca isotopes record nebular processes, including evaporation/condensation and mixing of chemically and isotopically distinct reservoirs in the protoplanetary disk. The applicability of non-mass-dependent Ca isotopic variations to tracing the nature and timing of stellar mass contributions to the parental molecular cloud is discussed. This includes the constraints Ca isotopic data provide on the nature of and the relationships between planetary building blocks. This contribution also explores the effects of parent body-based and terrestrial secondary processes, and variable sampling of isotopically heterogeneous Ca-rich components, on bulk meteorite compositions. Using the data reviewed here, this contribution attempts to reconcile the chemical and isotopic Ca data from bulk meteorites and meteorite components to address a major goal in planetary science, the development of a comprehensive model of the chemical and isotopic evolution of the Solar nebula into our planetary system.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=38
2018, Nuclear Data Sheets
All available experimental data of nuclear structure and decay are evaluated for the known nuclides of mass 38 (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti). Detailed results of this evaluation are presented with the best values recommended for level energies, half-lives, γ-ray energies and intensities, decay properties (energies, intensities and placement of radiations), and other spectroscopic information. The ³⁸Ar nuclide remains as the most extensively studied via various reactions and decays; no excited states are known in ³⁸Al except for that an isomeric state is tentatively proposed from a recent β-decay measurement (2015St14); the ³⁸Sc and ³⁸Ti nuclides remain unidentified, with no experimental references reported for ³⁸Sc and with a measurement of fragmentation cross sections reported for ³⁸Ti but finding no evidence of its presence (1996Bl21). This work supersedes the earlier full evaluation of A=38 by J.A. Cameron and B. Singh (2008Ca01).
Introduction
2016, Advances in Isotope Geochemistry
Current status and future potential of nuclide discoveries
2013, Reports on Progress in Physics

View full text

Effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation on microstructure and ferroelectric properties of Bi_3.25La_0.75Ti₃O₁₂ thin films
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 366, 2016, pp. 1-5
Zan Wang, …, Jun-sheng Tong
Ion beam induced optical and surface modification in plasmonic nanostructures
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 379, 2016, pp. 42-47
Udai B. Singh, …, Fouran Singh
Investigation of contribution of incomplete fusion in the total fusion process induced by ⁹Be on ¹⁸¹Ta target at near barrier energies
Nuclear Physics A, Volume 946, 2016, pp. 1-10
Rajesh Kharab, …, Rajiv Kumar
Photoluminescence of gallium ion irradiated hexagonal and cubic GaN quantum dots
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 383, 2016, pp. 1-5
Charlotte Rothfuchs, …, Arne Ludwig
Optimization of a $Δ E - E$ detector for ⁴¹Ca AMS
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 406, Part A, 2017, pp. 268-271
Seiji Hosoya, …, Keisuke Sueki
Theoretical and experimental investigation of possible ferromagnetic ordering in wide band gap ZnO and related systems
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 379, 2016, pp. 18-22
A. Sarkar, …, A. Chakrabarti

Discovery of the calcium, indium, tin, and platinum isotopes

Abstract

Highlights

Introduction

Section snippets

Discovery of 35–58Ca

Discovery of 98–135In

Discovery of 100–137Sn

Discovery of 166–204Pt

Summary

Acknowledgments

Nuclear Phys. A

Phys. Lett.

Nuclear Phys.

Phys. Lett.

Phys. Lett. B

Phys. Lett. B

Nuclear Phys.

J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.

Nuclear Phys. A

Nuclear Phys. A

Phys. Lett. B

Phys. Lett. B

Nuclear Phys. A

At. Data. Nuclear Data. Tables

Phys. Rev. C

J. Cerny, Phys. Rev. Lett.

Phys. Rev. C

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Helv. Phys. Acta

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phil. Mag.

Phys. Rev.

Nature

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci.

Phys. Rev. C

Phys. Rev. C

Phys. Rev. C

Phys. Rev. C

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Rep. Prog. Phys.

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.

Z. Phys. A

Z. Phys. A

Z. Phys. A

Z. Phys. A

Phys. Rev. C

J. Phys. G

J. Phys. Soc. Japan

Radiochim. Acta

Phys. Rev. C

Discovery of ^35–58Ca

Discovery of $^{98 - 135} In$

Discovery of $^{100 – 137} Sn$

Discovery of $^{166 – 204} Pt$