Putting the giant resonance under the electron microscope

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(94)90127-9

Nuclear Physics A

Volume 569, Issues 1–2, 7 March 1994, Pages 363-372

https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(94)90127-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

The recent availability of high duty factor electron accelerators has added a new dimension to the study of nuclear giant resonances. By exciting the resonances with electron scattering and detecting particle emission in coincidence, we are able to study the decay to different final states, separate contributions from different multipoles, and measure the phase between longitudinal and transverse multipole amplitudes.

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Energy levels of light nuclei A = 12
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Citation Excerpt :
For theoretical analysis of elastic and inelastic scattering see [1990TA13,1990TA16,1991LI07,1991TA01,1992WA19,1993BY02,1993DE33,1995MA23,1996BE25,1997DO02,1997TE14,1998GI01,1998GU13,1998KI17,1998SU23,1999GU17,1999NA43,2000CH31,2000DE37,2000LO20,2004YA24,2005PI16,2006GU23,2008FR02,2013WE05,2015TO11]. Analyses of spin observables and polarized beam results are found in [1990BA14,1990HA45,1990ST32,1990TA17,1991BE45,1992BE03,1992BE24,1992SH01,1993CH14,1993CO02,1993KA45,1993LA27,1994DO03,1994HI02,1994PH02,1994WI09,1995BU37,1995CH12,1995CH44,1995DE32,1995DO31,1995KA24,1996DE31,1996KA65,1997BB17,1997DO01,1998DO16,1998HI02,1999AN32,2000WE01,2001HI10,2001RA06,2004CU02,2005DE32,2006ON03,2007KH12,2007YA13,2008FU13,2008KI13,2009CO17,2010NA18,2011FU16,2013PL02,2014PL05]. Global studies evaluating protons on a variety of targets are given in [1990BA14,1990BA61,1990HU09,1990KA05,1990PH02,1990ST32,1992KO04,1993BE10,1993CH14,1993CO02,1993KA45,1994HA48,1994WI09,1995CH12,1995CH44,1995ER10,1996GO48,1997DO01,1998DO16,1999KU07,2000DE43,2000KE13,2001KA58,2002DI04,2002FA14,2002SA49,2002TR12,2005DE32,2005KI04,2005KO28,2007KH12,2007TA27,2008FU13,2008HA03,2008KI13,2009CO17,2009WE04,2010NA18,2012DY01,2012PA09,2013ZU04,2014HL01,2015AR01,2015BE12,2016AR13].
Energy levels of light nuclei A=11
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Giant resonance spectroscopy of 40Ca with the ( e,e′x ) reaction (II): Multipole decomposition of 4 π -integrated spectra and angular correlations
2001, Nuclear Physics A
The present article is the second out of three on a study of the ⁴⁰Ca(e,e′x) reaction discussing the multipole decomposition of the measured cross sections and the analysis of angular correlations. The decomposition of the strongly overlapping E0, E1 and E2 giant resonance strengths using the (e,e′x; x=p,α) reaction in ⁴⁰Ca is discussed for excitation energies between 10 and about 21 MeV. Two extraction methods are presented based on the variation of the form factors for the different multipoles. The resulting B(E1) strength distribution is in good agreement with (γ,x) photoabsorption data. The summed B(E2) and B(E0) strength is highly fragmented and spread out over the energy region investigated. Microscopic continuum RPA calculations including the coupling of the basic particle–hole states to the low-lying surface vibrations are capable of reproducing the strength distributions quite accurately. Exhaustion of the energy-weighted sum rules (EWSR) for the various decay channels is presented.
A complete decomposition of E0, E1 and E2 contributions in ⁴⁰Ca is possible for (e,e′α) angular correlations populating the ³⁶Ar ground state. Contrary to expectations, the form factors of isoscalar E0 and E2 strengths in the ⁴⁰Ca(e,e′α₀) reaction exhibit increasing differences towards smaller momentum transfers. Angular correlations for proton decay into low-lying states of ³⁹K are compared to a self-consistent continuum RPA calculation which allows a systematic description of the strong variations observed as a function of ⁴⁰Ca excitation energy and momentum transfer. The success implies that direct knock-out models of the ⁴⁰Ca(e,e′p) reaction are too simple. Furthermore, the shapes of the angular correlations seem to be determined largely by the final-state interaction, in particular by charge exchange reactions in the nuclear medium.
Measurement of the 6Li(e,e'p) reaction cross sections at low momentum transfer
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The triple differential cross sections for the ⁶Li(e,e′p) reaction have been measured in the excitation energy range from 27 to 46 MeV in a search for evidence of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in ⁶Li. The cross sections have no distinct structures in this energy region, and decrease smoothly with the energy transfer. Angular distributions are different from those expected with the GDR. Protons are emitted strongly in the momentum-transfer direction. The data are well reproduced by a DWIA calculation assuming a direct proton knockout process.
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The inclusive ¹²C(p,p′) and exclusive ¹²C(p,p′X) reactions have been studied with a beam energy of 156 MeV and for X = p and α. The study focuses on the (p,p′X) reaction mechanism and on the structure of ¹²C just above the particle-emission threshold, 14 ≤ E_x ≤ 28 MeV. Cross sections were simultaneously measured for all three reactions. The exclusive data were analyzed by making multiple-peak fits of the spectra and by Legendre-polynomial fits of the angular correlations. Multiple-peak fits were also made of the inclusive spectra. An analysis of the results shows that this region of E_x consists predominantly of resonant excitations, in contradiction to the findings of previous analyses.
Measurement of the angular correlations for the 16O(e,e′n) 15O reaction in the giant resonance region
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Nuclear Physics A

Abstract

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Ann. Phys. (N.Y.)

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Cited by (8)

Energy levels of light nuclei A = 12

Energy levels of light nuclei A=11

Giant resonance spectroscopy of <sup>40</sup>Ca with the ( e,e′x ) reaction (II): Multipole decomposition of 4 π -integrated spectra and angular correlations

Measurement of the <sup>6</sup>Li(e,e'p) reaction cross sections at low momentum transfer

Study of continuum nuclear structure of <sup>12</sup>C via (p,p′X) at intermediate energies

Measurement of the angular correlations for the <sup>16</sup>O(e,e′n) <sup>15</sup>O reaction in the giant resonance region