Excitation functions for radioactive isotopes produced by proton bombardment of Cu and Al in the energy range of 16 to 70 MeV

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(82)90078-1

Nuclear Physics A

Volume 383, Issue 1, 19 July 1982, Pages 98-108

https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(82)90078-1 Get rights and content

Abstract

Excitation functions for ^52,54,56Mn, ⁵⁹Fe, ^{55,56,57,58,60}Co, ^56,57Ni, ^60,61,64Cu and ^62,63,65Zn in copper and for ⁷Be and ^22,24Na in aluminium were measured with protons in the energy range of 16 to 70 MeV. The stacked foil technique was applied using aluminium as degrader material. The results are compared with published data and, for the (p, xn) reactions, with calculated excitation functions.

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Citation Excerpt :
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A stack of thin Nb foils was irradiated with the 100 MeV proton beam at Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Isotope Production Facility, to investigate the ⁹³Nb(p,4n)⁹⁰Mo nuclear reaction as a monitor for intermediate energy proton experiments and to benchmark state-of-the-art reaction model codes. A set of 38 measured cross sections for ^natNb(p,x) and ^natCu(p,x) reactions between 40–90 MeV, as well as 5 independent measurements of isomer branching ratios, are reported. These are useful in medical and basic science radionuclide productions at intermediate energies. The ^natCu(p,x)⁵⁶Co, ^natCu(p,x)⁶²Zn, and ^natCu(p,x)⁶⁵Zn reactions were used to determine proton fluence, and all activities were quantified using HPGe spectrometry. Variance minimization techniques were employed to reduce systematic uncertainties in proton energy and fluence, improving the reliability of these measurements. The measured cross sections are shown to be in excellent agreement with literature values, and have been measured with improved precision compared with previous measurements. This work also reports the first measurement of the ^natNb(p,x)^82mRb reaction, and of the independent cross sections for ^natCu(p,x)^52gMn and ^natNb(p,x)^85gY in the 40–90 MeV region. The effects of ^natSi(p,x)^22,24Na contamination, arising from silicone adhesive in the Kapton tape used to encapsulate the aluminum monitor foils, is also discussed as a cautionary note to future stacked-target cross section measurements. A priori predictions of the reaction modeling codes CoH, EMPIRE, and TALYS are compared with experimentally measured values and used to explore the differences between codes for the ^natNb(p,x) and ^natCu(p,x) reactions.
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Evaluated cross sections of beam-monitor reactions are expected to become the de-facto standard for cross-section measurements that are performed over a very broad energy range in accelerators in order to produce particular radionuclides for industrial and medical applications. The requirements for such data need to be addressed in a timely manner, and therefore an IAEA coordinated research project was launched in December 2012 to establish or improve the nuclear data required to characterise charged-particle monitor reactions. An international team was assembled to recommend more accurate cross-section data over a wide range of targets and projectiles, undertaken in conjunction with a limited number of measurements and more extensive evaluations of the decay data of specific radionuclides. Least-square evaluations of monitor-reaction cross sections including uncertainty quantification have been undertaken for charged-particle beams of protons, deuterons, ³He- and ⁴He-particles. Recommended beam monitor reaction data with their uncertainties are available at the IAEA-NDS medical portal www-nds.iaea.org/medical/monitor_reactions.html.
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Fe, Cu, and Al stacked foils were irradiated by 90 MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s Isotope Production Facility to measure nuclear cross sections for the production of medically relevant isotopes, such as ^52gMn, ⁵⁴Mn, ⁴⁸Cr, ⁵⁵Co, ^58mCo and ⁵⁷Ni. The decay of radioactive isotopes produced during irradiation was monitored using high-purity germanium gamma spectroscopy over the months following irradiation. Proton fluence was determined using the ^natAl(p,x)²²Na, ^natCu(p,x)⁶²Zn ^natCu(p,x)⁶⁵Zn, and ^natCu(p,x)⁵⁶Co monitor reactions. Calculated cross sections were compared against literature values and theoretical TALYS predictions. Notably this work includes the first reported independent cross section measurements of ^natCu(p,x)^58mCo and ^natCu(p,x)^58gCo.
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Nuclear Physics A

Abstract

References (41)

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Cited by (97)

New cross-section data for proton-induced reactions on <sup>nat</sup>Ti and <sup>nat</sup>Cu with special regard to the beam monitoring

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Nuclear excitation functions of proton-induced reactions (E<inf>p</inf> = 35–90 MeV) from Fe, Cu, and Al

New excitation functions for proton induced reactions on natural titanium, nickel and copper up to 70 MeV