A quasi-free scattering model for reactions involving clusters

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(76)90304-3

Nuclear Physics A

Volume 273, Issue 1, 23 November 1976, Pages 125-141

https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(76)90304-3 Get rights and content

Abstract

A master equation is used to predict spectra of the type (α, α') under the assumption that the mechanism is a quasi-free intranuclear alpha-nucleon scattering process. The treatment applied to α-clusters is general for any cluster. The parameters of the model are described, and comparisons are presented between experimental angle integrated (α, α') spectra and results of the assumed quasi-free scattering mechanism.

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Cited by (42)

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=64
2021, Nuclear Data Sheets
The evaluated experimental data are presented and evaluated for 13 known nuclides of mass 64 (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se). For each nuclide, the best values combining all available data are recommended for spectroscopic properties. No excited states have been identified in ⁶⁴Ti, ⁶⁴As, and ⁶⁴Se. Only one excited state in ⁶⁴V as an isomer, and three in ⁶⁴Cr have been identified. Data for excited states in ⁶⁴Mn, ⁶⁴Fe, and ⁶⁴Co remain limited. ⁶⁴Ni, ⁶⁴Cu, and ⁶⁴Zn are the most studied nuclides through various reactions and decays, followed by ⁶⁴Ga and ⁶⁴Ge. In the opinion of the evaluators, there are several incomplete or discrepant aspects of the high-spin portion of the level scheme for ⁶⁴Zn above ≈5 MeV excitation which need to be resolved in further experiments using large γ-detector arrays. The decay schemes of ⁶⁴Ti β⁻, ⁶⁴As ε and ⁶⁴Se ε are unknown, while very little information is available for ⁶⁴V β⁻ and ⁶⁴Cr β⁻. The decay schemes of ⁶⁴Mn β⁻, ⁶⁴Fe β⁻, ⁶⁴Co β⁻ and ⁶⁴Ge ε are somewhat better known, but still considered incomplete by evaluators. The decay scheme of ⁶⁴Ga ε decay is known in detail, however there is the possibility of additional levels populated above 4713 keV, as the Q(ε) value is 7171 keV. The β⁻, β⁺ and ε decay modes of ⁶⁴Cu are well known, as this radionuclide is of great importance in applications, for example, as a dosimeter for neutron flux determination in nuclear reactors, and as a radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET). This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=64 by 2007Si04, 1996Si12, 1991Si03, 1979Ha35 and 1974Au04.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 64
2007, Nuclear Data Sheets
The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for known nuclides of mass 64 (V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Ge,As,Se). Excited-state data are nonexistent for ⁶⁴V, ⁶⁴Cr, ⁶⁴As and ⁶⁴Se. Except for half-lives, no other radioactive decay data are available for the decay of ⁶⁴V, ⁶⁴As and ⁶⁴Se; and those for the decays of ⁶⁴Cr, ⁶⁴Mn, ⁶⁴Fe, ⁶⁴Co and ⁶⁴Ge are not considered as definitive. There are several high-spin studies for ⁶⁴Zn nuclide, but many inconsistencies are noted in this evaluation and complete details of data in these studies are generally lacking in the published literature. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A = 64 by 1996Si12, 1979Ha35, 1974Au04 and 1967Ve09; and a mid-strem evaluation by 1991Si03 published in an 'update' mode.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 181
2005, Nuclear Data Sheets
The nuclear structure and the decay data for all the isobars of A = 181 are presented in this evaluation. New levels of ¹⁸¹Hf were studied by (n,γ), (pol d, p), (d, pγ) and (²³⁸U,²³⁷U'γ) reactions. New levels of ¹⁸¹Ta were studied by (p,nγ), (p, d), Coulomb excitation and heavy ion reactions. Heavy ion reactions added information to high spin states of ¹⁸¹Re, ¹⁸¹Os and ¹⁸¹Ir. In addition, ¹⁸¹Hg and ¹⁸¹Tl structures are also studied by α–decay experiments. The present evaluation supersedes the earlier one on A = 181 by R.B. Firestone (1991Fi01), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 62, 101 (1991), and the ones on ¹⁸¹Pt, ¹⁸¹Au and ¹⁸¹Hg, by C.M. Baglin, published in Nuclear Data Sheets 87, 197 (1999), 87, 225 (1999) and 87, 239 (1999).
Cluster emission, transfer and capture in nuclear reactions
2003, Physics Report
Citation Excerpt :
The mechanism of the cluster emission is nevertheless the same in the exciton and the hybrid models. The most important analyses of the data have been made and new model ingredients introduced by Běták (1976, 1999), Běták and Obložinský (1975), Běták and Dobeš (1976), Běták et al. (1999), Běták and Čaplar, 1999, Blann and Lanzafame (1970), Cline (1972), Colli-Milazzo and Marcazzan-Braga, (1972), Deb et al. (1983, 1984, 1985), Duisebaev et al. (1977), Gadioli (1972), Gadioli et al. (1977a, b, 1984, 1985), Gadioli and Hodgson (1986), Gudima et al. (1983), Hogan (1980), Kalbach (1977, 1979), Kalka (1991, 1992), Machner (1984, 1985, 1990), Mashnik (1994), Mignerey et al. (1976), Milazzo-Colli and Braga-Marcazzan (1971, 1973), Milazzo-Colli et al. (1974), Obložinský and Ribanský (1975, 1978), Ribanský et al. (1973), Ribanský and Obložinský (1977), Ribanský and Běták (1980), Strohmaier et al. (1980), Toneev and Gudima (1983), Wu et al. (1978), Zhivopistsev et al. (1980, 1983) and others. These papers essentially stem from the coalescence model, even though many of them go beyond this simple scheme.
Many nuclear reactions involve the emission or capture of clusters of nucleons such as deuterons, tritons, helions and α particles as well as nucleons, and these cluster reactions are of particular interest for the study of nuclear structure and nuclear reaction mechanisms. They provide important information on the single particle and on the multiparticle character of nuclear states, and so have been widely used as powerful nuclear spectroscopic tools. The mechanisms of cluster reactions show special features such as the competition between pickup and knockout processes and the contributions of several successive steps in the reaction. The inverse cluster capture reactions and the transfer reactions provide similar information.
This review presents a summary of the principal theories used to analyse the experimental data on those reactions, in particular the compound nucleus theory, the direct reaction and the pre-equilibrium theories. The overall character of the reaction, together with the relative contributions of the competing reaction mechanisms, change as the energy of the projectile rises from the low-energy region (below $20 MeV$ ) through medium energies (20– $200 MeV$ ) to the relativistic ones. Early calculations used semi-classical theories, which are indeed still useful for certain purposes, and now these have been supplemented by fully quantum-mechanical theories. These are all described, together with the models used for particular reactions.
The present state of the analyses of many reactions is summarized, starting with the nucleon-induced reactions (p,d) and (n,d) and their inverses, then $(p,^{3} He)$ , (p,t) and (p,α) and the corresponding neutron reactions. The subsequent sections consider α-induced reactions and lastly electron-, pion- and kaon-induced reactions. Finally, the present state of knowledge of cluster reactions is summarized, and several problems identified.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 64
1996, Nuclear Data Sheets
Abstract:The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for known nuclides of mass 64 (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge). Excited-state data are nonexistent for⁶⁴Mn and⁶⁴Fe. Radioactive decay data for⁶⁴Mn are not available and those for⁶⁴Fe,⁶⁴Co and⁶⁴Ge are not considered definitive.
The following nuclides have not yet been identified but, amongst other nuclides, have been included in theoretical calculations:⁶⁴Ca (92Ma60,91To03,91Hi10);⁶⁴Cr (95Re20,95Ri05,95Au04);⁶⁴As (95Au04);⁶⁴Se (93Sh11).
The literature available up to June 25, 1996 has been consulted. This work supersedes earlier evaluations of A=64 published in Nuclear Data Sheets (91Si03,79Ha35,74Au04,67Ve09).
Cutoff Date:Literature available up to June 25, 1996 has been consulted.
General Policies and Organization of Material:See the January issue of Nuclear Data Sheets.
Acknowledgments:The evaluator thanks Alfredo Galindo-Uribarri at Chalk River for discussions and communicating results of his recent in-beam experiment on⁶⁴Zn, prior to publication.
General Comments:The statistical analysis of γ-ray data and deduced level schemes is carried out through computer codes available at Isotopes Project, Berkeley and Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven. The methodology and procedures for some of these codes are described by 86BrZQ and 86Br21. A general 3% uncertainty is assumed in quoted theoretical internal conversion coefficients taken mainly from 68Ha53.
The values of μ and Q are from compilation by 89Ra17, when available.
Nuclear data sheets update for A = 64
1991, Nuclear Data Sheets
The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for eight known nuclides of mass 64 (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge). Excited-state data are nonexistent for ⁶⁴Mn and ⁶⁴Fe. Very little information is available for ⁶⁴Ge and γ-ray data are scarce for ⁶⁴Co and ⁶⁴Ni. Some high-spin data are available for ⁶⁴Ga and ⁶⁴Ge, in spite of several in-beam γ-ray experiments on ⁶⁴Zn and ⁶⁴Cu. Further work on ⁶⁴Zn and ⁶⁴Ga seems to be in progress at Daresbury (90LiZS) through heavy-ion reactions. Radioactive decay data for ⁶⁴Mn are not available and those for ⁶⁴Fe, ⁶⁴Co and ⁶⁴Ge are not considered definitive.

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^☆: Work supported in part by US Energy Research and Development Administration.

^††: Supported by the National Science Foundation.

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A quasi-free scattering model for reactions involving clusters☆

Abstract

J. Phys. Soc. Jap.

Nucl. Phys.

Phys. Rev.

J. Phys. Soc. Jap.

Nucl. Phys.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Adv. in Phys.

Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.

Equilibration processes in nuclear reactions

Nukleonika

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Nucl. Phys.

Phys. Rev.

Nucl. Phys.

Nucl. Phys.

Phys. Rev.